Poe was adopted by a popular movie star couple but her election as a senator was challenged by a losing candidate who queried her citizenship, since her natural parents were unknown.
The tribunal, comprising six senators and three judges, voted 5-4 to uphold her status as a natural-born citizen.
Poe faces four other petitions in the election commission that have been filed to stop her running for president next May, but the tribunal`s ruling appears to set a precedent.
"From the bottom of my heart, I wish to thank everyone who chose justice and upheld the rights of voters and abandoned children," Poe told reporters.
President Benigno Aquino, in power since 2010, is barred under the constitution from seeking a second term.
Under Aquino, the Philippines has seen economic growth of more than 6 percent on average, its best five-year record in four decades. He has also battled to rein in corruption.
The May election will be closely watched by investors, who fear the political succession in one of Asia`s fastest growing economies could derail gains made during Aquino`s rule.
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